killercoda CKA：Storage

D瓜哥
系统架构
killercoda CKA：Storage

1. Storage - Persistent Volume

Storage - Persistent Volume

Create a PersistentVolume (PV) named black-pv-cka with the following specifications:

  • Volume Type: hostPath

  • Path: /opt/black-pv-cka

  • Capacity: 50Mi

# @author D瓜哥 · https://www.diguage.com

$ vim pv.yaml
# 编写 YAML 文件

$ cat pv.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
  name: black-pv-cka
spec:
  capacity:
    storage: 50Mi
  accessModes:
    - ReadWriteOnce
  persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Retain
  hostPath:
    path: /opt/black-pv-cka

$ kubectl apply -f pv.yaml
persistentvolume/black-pv-cka created

2. Storage - Persistent Volume Claim

Storage - Persistent Volume Claim

A persistent volume named red-pv-cka is available. Your task is to create a PersistentVolumeClaim (PVC) named red-pvc-cka and request 30Mi of storage from the red-pv-cka PersistentVolume (PV).

Ensure the following criteria are met:

  • Access mode: ReadWriteOnce

  • Storage class: manual

# @author D瓜哥 · https://www.diguage.com

$ kubectl get pv red-pv-cka -o wide
NAME         CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   RECLAIM POLICY   STATUS      CLAIM   STORAGECLASS   VOLUMEATTRIBUTESCLASS   REASON   AGE   VOLUMEMODE
red-pv-cka   50Mi       RWO            Retain           Available           manual         <unset>                          59s   Filesystem

$ vim pvc.yaml
# 编写 YAML 文件

$ cat pvc.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
  name: red-pvc-cka
spec:
  accessModes:
    - ReadWriteOnce
  volumeMode: Filesystem
  resources:
    requests:
      storage: 30Mi
  storageClassName: manual

$ kubectl apply -f pvc.yaml
persistentvolumeclaim/red-pvc-cka created

$ kubectl get pvc -o wide
NAME          STATUS   VOLUME       CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   STORAGECLASS   VOLUMEATTRIBUTESCLASS   AGE   VOLUMEMODE
red-pvc-cka   Bound    red-pv-cka   50Mi       RWO            manual         <unset>                 7s    Filesystem

3. Storage - Persistent Volume Claim Resize

Storage - Persistent Volume Claim Resize

Modify the size of the existing Persistent Volume Claim (PVC) named yellow-pvc-cka to request 60Mi of storage from the yellow-pv-cka volume. Ensure that the PVC successfully resizes to the new size and remains in the Bound state.

# @author D瓜哥 · https://www.diguage.com

$ kubectl get pv -o wide
NAME            CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   RECLAIM POLICY   STATUS   CLAIM                    STORAGECLASS     VOLUMEATTRIBUTESCLASS   REASON   AGE   VOLUMEMODE
yellow-pv-cka   100Mi      RWO            Retain           Bound    default/yellow-pvc-cka   yellow-stc-cka   <unset>                          57s   Filesystem

$ kubectl get pvc -o wide
NAME             STATUS   VOLUME          CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   STORAGECLASS     VOLUMEATTRIBUTESCLASS   AGE   VOLUMEMODE
yellow-pvc-cka   Bound    yellow-pv-cka   100Mi      RWO            yellow-stc-cka   <unset>                 70s   Filesystem

$ kubectl get pvc yellow-pvc-cka -o yaml | tee pvc.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
  annotations:
    kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration: |
      {"apiVersion":"v1","kind":"PersistentVolumeClaim","metadata":{"annotations":{},"name":"yellow-pvc-cka","namespace":"default"},"spec":{"accessModes":["ReadWriteOnce"],"resources":{"requests":{"storage":"40Mi"}},"storageClassName":"yellow-stc-cka","volumeName":"yellow-pv-cka"}}
    pv.kubernetes.io/bind-completed: "yes"
  creationTimestamp: "2025-01-11T00:57:43Z"
  finalizers:
  - kubernetes.io/pvc-protection
  name: yellow-pvc-cka
  namespace: default
  resourceVersion: "6605"
  uid: cd2d8e0d-d565-4332-9ecd-b9a9f0e87d36
spec:
  accessModes:
  - ReadWriteOnce
  resources:
    requests:
      storage: 40Mi
  storageClassName: yellow-stc-cka
  volumeMode: Filesystem
  volumeName: yellow-pv-cka
status:
  accessModes:
  - ReadWriteOnce
  capacity:
    storage: 100Mi
  phase: Bound

$ vim pvc.yaml
# 修改 resources 的值为 60Mi

$ cat pvc.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
  annotations:
    kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration: |
      {"apiVersion":"v1","kind":"PersistentVolumeClaim","metadata":{"annotations":{},"name":"yellow-pvc-cka","namespace":"default"},"spec":{"accessModes":["ReadWriteOnce"],"resources":{"requests":{"storage":"40Mi"}},"storageClassName":"yellow-stc-cka","volumeName":"yellow-pv-cka"}}
    pv.kubernetes.io/bind-completed: "yes"
  creationTimestamp: "2025-01-11T00:57:43Z"
  finalizers:
  - kubernetes.io/pvc-protection
  name: yellow-pvc-cka
  namespace: default
  resourceVersion: "6605"
  uid: cd2d8e0d-d565-4332-9ecd-b9a9f0e87d36
spec:
  accessModes:
  - ReadWriteOnce
  resources:
    requests:
      storage: 60Mi
  storageClassName: yellow-stc-cka
  volumeMode: Filesystem
  volumeName: yellow-pv-cka

$ kubectl replace -f pvc.yaml
persistentvolumeclaim/yellow-pvc-cka replaced

$ kubectl get pvc -o wide
NAME             STATUS   VOLUME          CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   STORAGECLASS     VOLUMEATTRIBUTESCLASS   AGE     VOLUMEMODE
yellow-pvc-cka   Bound    yellow-pv-cka   100Mi      RWO            yellow-stc-cka   <unset>                 2m34s   Filesystem

$ kubectl get pvc yellow-pvc-cka -o yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
  annotations:
    kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration: |
      {"apiVersion":"v1","kind":"PersistentVolumeClaim","metadata":{"annotations":{"pv.kubernetes.io/bind-completed":"yes"},"creationTimestamp":"2025-01-11T00:57:43Z","finalizers":["kubernetes.io/pvc-protection"],"name":"yellow-pvc-cka","namespace":"default","resourceVersion":"6605","uid":"cd2d8e0d-d565-4332-9ecd-b9a9f0e87d36"},"spec":{"accessModes":["ReadWriteOnce"],"resources":{"requests":{"storage":"60Mi"}},"storageClassName":"yellow-stc-cka","volumeMode":"Filesystem","volumeName":"yellow-pv-cka"}}
    pv.kubernetes.io/bind-completed: "yes"
  creationTimestamp: "2025-01-11T00:57:43Z"
  finalizers:
  - kubernetes.io/pvc-protection
  name: yellow-pvc-cka
  namespace: default
  resourceVersion: "6786"
  uid: cd2d8e0d-d565-4332-9ecd-b9a9f0e87d36
spec:
  accessModes:
  - ReadWriteOnce
  resources:
    requests:
      storage: 60Mi
  storageClassName: yellow-stc-cka
  volumeMode: Filesystem
  volumeName: yellow-pv-cka
status:
  accessModes:
  - ReadWriteOnce
  capacity:
    storage: 100Mi
  phase: Bound

4. Storage - Persistent Volume Claim, Pod

Storage - Persistent Volume Claim, Pod

A Kubernetes pod definition file named nginx-pod-cka.yaml is available. Your task is to make the following modifications to the manifest file:

  • Create a Persistent Volume Claim (PVC) with the name nginx-pvc-cka . This PVC should request 80Mi of storage from an existing Persistent Volume (PV) named nginx-pv-cka and Storage Class named nginx-stc-cka. Use the access mode ReadWriteOnce.

  • Add the created nginx-pvc-cka PVC to the existing nginx-pod-cka POD definition.

  • Mount the volume claimed by nginx-pvc-cka at the path /var/www/html within the nginx-pod-cka POD.

  • Add tolerations with the key node-role.kubernetes.io/control-plane set to Exists and effect NoSchedule to the nginx-pod-cka Pod

  • Ensure that the peach-pod-cka05-str POD is running and that the Persistent Volume (PV) is successfully bound.

# @author D瓜哥 · https://www.diguage.com

$ kubectl get  pv -o wide
NAME           CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   RECLAIM POLICY   STATUS      CLAIM   STORAGECLASS    VOLUMEATTRIBUTESCLASS   REASON   AGE     VOLUMEMODE
nginx-pv-cka   100Mi      RWO            Retain           Available           nginx-stc-cka   <unset>                          2m45s   Filesystem

$ cat nginx-pod-cka.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: nginx-pod-cka
spec:
  containers:
    - name: my-container
      image: nginx:latest

$ vim nginx-pod-cka.yaml
# 编写 YAML 文件

$ cat nginx-pod-cka.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: nginx-pod-cka
spec:
  containers:
    - name: my-container
      image: nginx:latest
      volumeMounts:
      - mountPath: "/var/www/html"
        name: vo-nginx-pvc
  volumes:
    - name: vo-nginx-pvc
      persistentVolumeClaim:
        claimName: nginx-pvc-cka
  tolerations:
  - key: "node-role.kubernetes.io/control-plane"
    operator: "Exists"
    effect: "NoSchedule"
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
  name: nginx-pvc-cka
spec:
  accessModes:
    - ReadWriteOnce
  volumeMode: Filesystem
  resources:
    requests:
      storage: 80Mi
  storageClassName: nginx-stc-cka

$ kubectl apply -f nginx-pod-cka.yaml
pod/nginx-pod-cka created
persistentvolumeclaim/nginx-pvc-cka created

$ kubectl get pvc
NAME            STATUS   VOLUME         CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   STORAGECLASS    VOLUMEATTRIBUTESCLASS   AGE
nginx-pvc-cka   Bound    nginx-pv-cka   100Mi      RWO            nginx-stc-cka   <unset>                 10s

$ kubectl get pv
NAME           CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   RECLAIM POLICY   STATUS   CLAIM                   STORAGECLASS    VOLUMEATTRIBUTESCLASS   REASON   AGE
nginx-pv-cka   100Mi      RWO            Retain           Bound    default/nginx-pvc-cka   nginx-stc-cka   <unset>                          9m35s

$ kubectl get  pod
NAME            READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
nginx-pod-cka   1/1     Running   0          20s

5. Storage - Persistent Volume, Persistent Volume Claim

Storage - Persistent Volume, Persistent Volume Claim

Create a PersistentVolume (PV) and a PersistentVolumeClaim (PVC) using an existing storage class named gold-stc-cka to meet the following requirements:

Step 1: Create a Persistent Volume (PV)

  • Name the PV as gold-pv-cka.

  • Set the capacity to 50Mi.

  • Use the volume type hostpath with the path /opt/gold-stc-cka.

  • Assign the storage class as gold-stc-cka.

  • Ensure that the PV is created on node01 , where the /opt/gold-stc-cka directory already exists.

  • Apply a label to the PV with key tier and value white .

Step 2: Create a Persistent Volume Claim (PVC)

  • Name the PVC as gold-pvc-cka.

  • Request 30Mi of storage from the PV gold-pv-cka using the matchLabels criterion.

  • Use the gold-stc-cka storage class.

  • Set the access mode to ReadWriteMany .

# @author D瓜哥 · https://www.diguage.com

$ kubectl get storageclasses -o wide
NAME                   PROVISIONER                    RECLAIMPOLICY   VOLUMEBINDINGMODE      ALLOWVOLUMEEXPANSION   AGE
gold-stc-cka           kubernetes.io/no-provisioner   Delete          WaitForFirstConsumer   false                  2m29s
local-path (default)   rancher.io/local-path          Delete          WaitForFirstConsumer   false                  8d

$ kubectl get nodes node01 -o yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Node
metadata:
  annotations:
    flannel.alpha.coreos.com/backend-data: '{"VNI":1,"VtepMAC":"7e:db:36:b7:d8:41"}'
    flannel.alpha.coreos.com/backend-type: vxlan
    flannel.alpha.coreos.com/kube-subnet-manager: "true"
    flannel.alpha.coreos.com/public-ip: 172.30.2.2
    kubeadm.alpha.kubernetes.io/cri-socket: unix:///var/run/containerd/containerd.sock
    node.alpha.kubernetes.io/ttl: "0"
    projectcalico.org/IPv4Address: 172.30.2.2/24
    projectcalico.org/IPv4IPIPTunnelAddr: 192.168.1.1
    volumes.kubernetes.io/controller-managed-attach-detach: "true"
  creationTimestamp: "2025-01-02T10:03:01Z"
  labels:
    beta.kubernetes.io/arch: amd64
    beta.kubernetes.io/os: linux
    kubernetes.io/arch: amd64
    kubernetes.io/hostname: node01
    kubernetes.io/os: linux
  name: node01
  resourceVersion: "4019"
  uid: 93743255-7b3e-4e81-a8a8-4a071984de9a
# 省略无用内容

$ cat pv.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
  name: gold-pv-cka
  labels:
    tier: white
spec:
  storageClassName: gold-stc-cka
  capacity:
    storage: 50Mi
  accessModes:
    - ReadWriteMany
  volumeMode: Filesystem
  persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Retain
  hostPath:
    type: Directory
    path: /opt/gold-stc-cka
  nodeAffinity:
    required:
      nodeSelectorTerms:
      - matchExpressions:
        - key: kubernetes.io/hostname
          operator: In
          values:
            - node01
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
  name: gold-pvc-cka
spec:
  storageClassName: gold-stc-cka
  accessModes:
    - ReadWriteMany
  volumeMode: Filesystem
  resources:
    requests:
      storage: 30Mi
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      tier: white

$ kubectl apply -f pv.yaml
persistentvolume/gold-pv-cka created
persistentvolumeclaim/gold-pvc-cka created

$ kubectl get pv -o wide
NAME          CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   RECLAIM POLICY   STATUS      CLAIM   STORAGECLASS   VOLUMEATTRIBUTESCLASS   REASON   AGE   VOLUMEMODE
gold-pv-cka   50Mi       RWX            Retain           Available           gold-stc-cka   <unset>                          4s    Filesystem

$ kubectl get pvc -o wide
NAME           STATUS    VOLUME   CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   STORAGECLASS   VOLUMEATTRIBUTESCLASS   AGE   VOLUMEMODE
gold-pvc-cka   Pending                                      gold-stc-cka   <unset>                 21s   Filesystem

$ kubectl describe pv gold-pv-cka
Name:              gold-pv-cka
Labels:            tier=white
Annotations:       <none>
Finalizers:        [kubernetes.io/pv-protection]
StorageClass:      gold-stc-cka
Status:            Available
Claim:
Reclaim Policy:    Retain
Access Modes:      RWX
VolumeMode:        Filesystem
Capacity:          50Mi
Node Affinity:
  Required Terms:
    Term 0:        kubernetes.io/hostname in [node01]
Message:
Source:
    Type:          HostPath (bare host directory volume)
    Path:          /opt/gold-stc-cka
    HostPathType:  Directory
Events:            <none>

$ kubectl describe pvc gold-pvc-cka
Name:          gold-pvc-cka
Namespace:     default
StorageClass:  gold-stc-cka
Status:        Pending
Volume:
Labels:        <none>
Annotations:   <none>
Finalizers:    [kubernetes.io/pvc-protection]
Capacity:
Access Modes:
VolumeMode:    Filesystem
Used By:       <none>
Events:
  Type    Reason                Age               From                         Message
  ----    ------                ----              ----                         -------
  Normal  WaitForFirstConsumer  9s (x5 over 59s)  persistentvolume-controller  waiting for first consumer to be created before binding

6. Storage - Persistent Volume, Persistent Volume Claim, Pod

Storage - Persistent Volume, Persistent Volume Claim, Pod

You are responsible for provisioning storage for a Kubernetes cluster. Your task is to create a PersistentVolume (PV), a PersistentVolumeClaim (PVC), and deploy a pod that uses the PVC for shared storage.

Here are the specific requirements:

  • Create a PersistentVolume (PV) named my-pv-cka with the following properties:

    • Storage capacity: 100Mi

    • Access mode: ReadWriteOnce

    • Host path: /mnt/data

    • Storage class: standard

  • Create a PersistentVolumeClaim (PVC) named my-pvc-cka to claim storage from the my-pv-cka PV, with the following properties:

    • Storage class: standard

    • request storage: 100Mi (less than)

  • Deploy a pod named my-pod-cka using the nginx container image.

  • Mount the PVC, my-pvc-cka , to the pod at the path /var/www/html . Ensure that the PV, PVC, and pod are successfully created, and the pod is in a Running state.

Note: Binding and Pod might take time to come up, please have patience

# @author D瓜哥 · https://www.diguage.com

$ vim pod.yaml
# 输入 YAML 文件

$ cat pod.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
  name: my-pv-cka
spec:
  capacity:
    storage: 100Mi
  volumeMode: Filesystem
  accessModes:
    - ReadWriteOnce
  persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Retain
  storageClassName: standard
  hostPath:
    type: DirectoryOrCreate
    path: /mnt/data
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
  name: my-pvc-cka
spec:
  accessModes:
    - ReadWriteOnce
  volumeMode: Filesystem
  resources:
    requests:
      storage: 100Mi
  storageClassName: standard
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: my-pod-cka
spec:
  containers:
    - name: nginx
      image: nginx
      volumeMounts:
      - mountPath: "/var/www/html"
        name: mypd
  volumes:
    - name: mypd
      persistentVolumeClaim:
        claimName: my-pvc-cka

$ kubectl apply -f pod.yaml
persistentvolume/my-pv-cka created
persistentvolumeclaim/my-pvc-cka created
pod/my-pod-cka created

$ kubectl get pv -o wide
NAME        CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   RECLAIM POLICY   STATUS   CLAIM                STORAGECLASS   VOLUMEATTRIBUTESCLASS   REASON   AGE   VOLUMEMODE
my-pv-cka   100Mi      RWO            Retain           Bound    default/my-pvc-cka   standard       <unset>                          80s   Filesystem

$ kubectl get pvc -o wide
NAME         STATUS   VOLUME      CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   STORAGECLASS   VOLUMEATTRIBUTESCLASS   AGE   VOLUMEMODE
my-pvc-cka   Bound    my-pv-cka   100Mi      RWO            standard       <unset>                 85s   Filesystem

$ kubectl get pod -o wide
NAME         READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP            NODE     NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
my-pod-cka   1/1     Running   0          21s   192.168.1.6   node01   <none>           <none>

7. Storage - Shared Volume

Storage - Shared Volume

An existing nginx pod, my-pod-cka and Persistent Volume Claim (PVC) named my-pvc-cka are available. Your task is to implement the following modifications:

  • NOTE:- PVC to PV binding and my-pod-cka pods sometimes takes around 2Mins to Up & Running So Please wait

  • Update the pod to include a sidecar container that uses the busybox image. Ensure that this sidecar container remains operational by including an appropriate command "tail -f /dev/null" .

  • Share the shared-storage volume between the main application and the sidecar container, mounting it at the path /var/www/shared . Additionally, ensure that the sidecar container has read-only access to this shared volume.

# @author D瓜哥 · https://www.diguage.com

$ kubectl get pod my-pod-cka -o yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  annotations:
    cni.projectcalico.org/containerID: a1c711296b2f99bbbfe744fb53274d404be6ba1cbd13228a5c93e745769387f6
    cni.projectcalico.org/podIP: 192.168.1.5/32
    cni.projectcalico.org/podIPs: 192.168.1.5/32
    kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration: |
      {"apiVersion":"v1","kind":"Pod","metadata":{"annotations":{},"name":"my-pod-cka","namespace":"default"},"spec":{"containers":[{"image":"nginx","name":"nginx-container","volumeMounts":[{"mountPath":"/var/www/html","name":"shared-storage"}]}],"volumes":[{"name":"shared-storage","persistentVolumeClaim":{"claimName":"my-pvc-cka"}}]}}
  creationTimestamp: "2025-01-11T09:16:53Z"
  name: my-pod-cka
  namespace: default
  resourceVersion: "4706"
  uid: f38ff097-f5b6-465a-9497-c34a9f4f8a73
spec:
  containers:
  - image: nginx
    imagePullPolicy: Always
    name: nginx-container
    resources: {}
    terminationMessagePath: /dev/termination-log
    terminationMessagePolicy: File
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /var/www/html
      name: shared-storage
    - mountPath: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount
      name: kube-api-access-jxknh
      readOnly: true
  dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
  enableServiceLinks: true
  nodeName: node01
  preemptionPolicy: PreemptLowerPriority
  priority: 0
  restartPolicy: Always
  schedulerName: default-scheduler
  securityContext: {}
  serviceAccount: default
  serviceAccountName: default
  terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 30
  tolerations:
  - effect: NoExecute
    key: node.kubernetes.io/not-ready
    operator: Exists
    tolerationSeconds: 300
  - effect: NoExecute
    key: node.kubernetes.io/unreachable
    operator: Exists
    tolerationSeconds: 300
  volumes:
  - name: shared-storage
    persistentVolumeClaim:
      claimName: my-pvc-cka
  - name: kube-api-access-jxknh
    projected:
      defaultMode: 420
      sources:
      - serviceAccountToken:
          expirationSeconds: 3607
          path: token
      - configMap:
          items:
          - key: ca.crt
            path: ca.crt
          name: kube-root-ca.crt
      - downwardAPI:
          items:
          - fieldRef:
              apiVersion: v1
              fieldPath: metadata.namespace
            path: namespace
# 省略 status 字段

# 从 .metadata.annotations.kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration 改的
$ cat pod.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: my-pod-cka
  namespace: default
spec:
  containers:
    - image: nginx
      name: nginx-container
      volumeMounts:
        - mountPath: /var/www/html
          name: shared-storage
  initContainers:
    - image: busybox
      name: busybox
      restartPolicy: Always
      volumeMounts:
        - mountPath: /var/www/shared
          name: shared-storage
          readOnly: true
      command:
        - tail
        - -f
        - /dev/null
  volumes:
    - name: shared-storage
      persistentVolumeClaim:
        claimName: my-pvc-cka

$ kubectl get pv
NAME                                       CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   RECLAIM POLICY   STATUS   CLAIM                STORAGECLASS   VOLUMEATTRIBUTESCLASS   REASON   AGE
pvc-11a0fa6f-b3f0-4751-8bd1-2fde422b503c   100Mi      RWO            Delete           Bound    default/my-pvc-cka   local-path     <unset>                          20m

$ kubectl get pvc
NAME         STATUS   VOLUME                                     CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   STORAGECLASS   VOLUMEATTRIBUTESCLASS   AGE
my-pvc-cka   Bound    pvc-11a0fa6f-b3f0-4751-8bd1-2fde422b503c   100Mi      RWO            local-path     <unset>                 21m

$ kubectl get pod -o wide
NAME         READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP            NODE     NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
my-pod-cka   2/2     Running   0          29s   192.168.1.9   node01   <none>           <none>
题目要求都满足了，但是检查没通过！奇怪！

8. Storage - Storage Class

Storage - Storage Class

Create a storage class called green-stc as per the properties given below:

  • Provisioner should be kubernetes.io/no-provisioner.

  • Volume binding mode should be WaitForFirstConsumer.

    • Volume expansion should be enabled .

# @author D瓜哥 · https://www.diguage.com

$ vim stc.yaml
# 编写 YAML 文件
$ cat stc.yaml
apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1
kind: StorageClass
metadata:
  name: green-stc
provisioner: kubernetes.io/no-provisioner
reclaimPolicy: Retain
allowVolumeExpansion: true
volumeBindingMode: WaitForFirstConsumer

$ kubectl apply -f stc.yaml
storageclass.storage.k8s.io/green-stc created

$ kubectl get storageclass
NAME                   PROVISIONER                    RECLAIMPOLICY   VOLUMEBINDINGMODE      ALLOWVOLUMEEXPANSION   AGE
green-stc              kubernetes.io/no-provisioner   Retain          WaitForFirstConsumer   true                   10s

9. Storage - Persistent Volume, Persistent Volume Claim, Storage Class

Storage - Persistent Volume, Persistent Volume Claim, Storage Class

Your task involves setting up storage components in a Kubernetes cluster. Follow these steps:

Step 1: Create a Storage Class named blue-stc-cka with the following properties:

  • Provisioner: kubernetes.io/no-provisioner

  • Volume binding mode: WaitForFirstConsumer

Step 2: Create a Persistent Volume (PV) named blue-pv-cka with the following properties:

  • Capacity: 100Mi

  • Access mode: ReadWriteOnce

  • Reclaim policy: Retain

  • Storage class: blue-stc-cka

  • Local path: /opt/blue-data-cka

  • Node affinity: Set node affinity to create this PV on controlplane .

Step 3: Create a Persistent Volume Claim (PVC) named blue-pvc-cka with the following properties:

  • Access mode: ReadWriteOnce

  • Storage class: blue-stc-cka

  • Storage request: 50Mi

  • The volume should be bound to blue-pv-cka.

# @author D瓜哥 · https://www.diguage.com

$ vim pv.yaml
# 编写 YAML 文件

$ cat pv.yaml
apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1
kind: StorageClass
metadata:
  name: blue-stc-cka
provisioner: kubernetes.io/no-provisioner
reclaimPolicy: Retain
#allowVolumeExpansion: true
volumeBindingMode: WaitForFirstConsumer
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
  name: blue-pv-cka
spec:
  volumeMode: Filesystem
  storageClassName: blue-stc-cka
  persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Retain
  accessModes:
    - ReadWriteOnce
  capacity:
    storage: 100Mi
  local:
    path: /opt/blue-data-cka
  nodeAffinity:
    required:
      nodeSelectorTerms:
        - matchExpressions:
          - key: kubernetes.io/hostname
            operator: In
            values:
            - controlplane
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
  name: blue-pvc-cka
spec:
  volumeMode: Filesystem
  storageClassName: blue-stc-cka
  accessModes:
  - ReadWriteOnce
  resources:
    requests:
      storage: 50Mi

$ kubectl apply -f pv.yaml
storageclass.storage.k8s.io/blue-stc-cka created
persistentvolume/blue-pv-cka created
persistentvolumeclaim/blue-pvc-cka created

$ kubectl get storageclasses
NAME                   PROVISIONER                    RECLAIMPOLICY   VOLUMEBINDINGMODE      ALLOWVOLUMEEXPANSION   AGE
blue-stc-cka           kubernetes.io/no-provisioner   Retain          WaitForFirstConsumer   false                  2m45s
local-path (default)   rancher.io/local-path          Delete          WaitForFirstConsumer   false                  9d

$ kubectl get pv
NAME          CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   RECLAIM POLICY   STATUS      CLAIM   STORAGECLASS   VOLUMEATTRIBUTESCLASS   REASON   AGE
blue-pv-cka   100Mi      RWO            Retain           Available           blue-stc-cka   <unset>                          2m52s

$ kubectl get pvc
NAME           STATUS    VOLUME   CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   STORAGECLASS   VOLUMEATTRIBUTESCLASS   AGE
blue-pvc-cka   Pending                                      blue-stc-cka   <unset>                 2m55s
没有发现什么错误，但是检查没通过！

10. Storage - Storage Class, Persistent Volume, Persistent Volume Claim, Pod

Storage - Storage Class, Persistent Volume, Persistent Volume Claim, Pod

  • Create a Storage Class named fast-storage with a provisioner of kubernetes.io/no-provisioner and a volumeBindingMode of Immediate .

  • Create a Persistent Volume (PV) named fast-pv-cka with a storage capacity of 50Mi using the fast-storage Storage Class with ReadWriteOnce permission and host path /tmp/fast-data.

  • Create a Persistent Volume Claim (PVC) named fast-pvc-cka that requests 30Mi of storage from the fast-pv-cka PV(using the fast-storage Storage Class).

  • Create a Pod named fast-pod-cka with nginx:latest image that uses the fast-pvc-cka PVC and mounts the volume at the path /app/data.

# @author D瓜哥 · https://www.diguage.com

$ vim pv.yaml
# 编写 Yaml 文件

$ cat pv.yaml
apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1
kind: StorageClass
metadata:
  name: fast-storage
provisioner: kubernetes.io/no-provisioner
reclaimPolicy: Retain
volumeBindingMode: Immediate
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
  name: fast-pv-cka
spec:
  capacity:
    storage: 50Mi
  volumeMode: Filesystem
  accessModes:
    - ReadWriteOnce
  persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Retain
  storageClassName: fast-storage
  hostPath:
    type: DirectoryOrCreate
    path: /tmp/fast-data
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
  name: fast-pvc-cka
spec:
  accessModes:
    - ReadWriteOnce
  volumeMode: Filesystem
  resources:
    requests:
      storage: 30Mi
  storageClassName: fast-storage
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: fast-pod-cka
spec:
  containers:
    - name: nginx
      image: nginx:latest
      volumeMounts:
      - mountPath: "/app/data"
        name: mypd
  volumes:
    - name: mypd
      persistentVolumeClaim:
        claimName: fast-pvc-cka

$ kubectl apply -f pv.yaml
storageclass.storage.k8s.io/fast-storage created
persistentvolume/fast-pv-cka created
persistentvolumeclaim/fast-pvc-cka created
pod/fast-pod-cka created

$ kubectl get storageclasses  fast-storage
NAME           PROVISIONER                    RECLAIMPOLICY   VOLUMEBINDINGMODE   ALLOWVOLUMEEXPANSION   AGE
fast-storage   kubernetes.io/no-provisioner   Retain          Immediate           false                  35s

$ kubectl get pv
NAME          CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   RECLAIM POLICY   STATUS   CLAIM                  STORAGECLASS   VOLUMEATTRIBUTESCLASS   REASON   AGE
fast-pv-cka   50Mi       RWO            Retain           Bound    default/fast-pvc-cka   fast-storage   <unset>                          43s

$ kubectl get pvc
NAME           STATUS   VOLUME        CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   STORAGECLASS   VOLUMEATTRIBUTESCLASS   AGE
fast-pvc-cka   Bound    fast-pv-cka   50Mi       RWO            fast-storage   <unset>                 45s

$ kubectl get pod fast-pod-cka -o wide
NAME           READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP            NODE     NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
fast-pod-cka   1/1     Running   0          56s   192.168.1.5   node01   <none>           <none>